. Comparative animal physiology. Physiology, Comparative; Physiology, Comparative. 108 Comparative Animal Physiology echinoderms, medium reactions to Livtulus, and high reactions to other anne- lids. Molluscs (gastropods and pelecypods) are closer serologically to annelids than to arthropods.^" The principal antigenic protein in crustacean blood is hemocyanin,*^ and the antibodies react with proteins of other arthropods but not with those of molluscs.^" The crab Pseudocarcinus gigas is related, accord- ing to the precipitin test, to four other genera of crabs (Brachyura) but not to P
. Comparative animal physiology. Physiology, Comparative; Physiology, Comparative. 108 Comparative Animal Physiology echinoderms, medium reactions to Livtulus, and high reactions to other anne- lids. Molluscs (gastropods and pelecypods) are closer serologically to annelids than to arthropods.^" The principal antigenic protein in crustacean blood is hemocyanin,*^ and the antibodies react with proteins of other arthropods but not with those of molluscs.^" The crab Pseudocarcinus gigas is related, accord- ing to the precipitin test, to four other genera of crabs (Brachyura) but not to Palinuriis, the Astacura, or Anomura. ^^ Relationships among orthopteran insects have been investigated by reciprocal serological tests on equivalent amounts of tissue proteins.^^ The four families are about equally separated, the average interfamily ratio of heterologous to homologous titer being per cent, the average intergeneric ratio among grasshoppers (Acrididae) being SIREN AMPHIUMA. NECTURUS CRYPTOBRANCHUS Fig. 27. Relative serologic relationships of four urodele amphibians. From Boyden and Noble.^" 28 per cent and the ratio between two species of the genus Melanoplus being per cent. Antisera for cuticular tissue of three species of Ascaris parasitic in mammals react indiscriminately among the three antigens but not with the cuticle of an avian Ascaris.'^'^ Acanthocephala appear to be related serologically to the Platyhelminthes but not to the Nemathelminthes, although some precipitin reaction occurs between the Platyhelminthes and Nemathelminthes. ^- The preceding examples are sufficient to indicate the importance of applying immunological reactions to the proteins of comparable tissues from different animals as a test of taxonomic relationship. Why should the antigenic proteins of one species or phylum have such structural similarity that they react recipro- cally with their antisera but not with antisera of more distantly related animals? The answer to t
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