X-ray fluorescence (XRF) being used to measure metal contamination in farmland. The device works by irradiating samples using controlled x-rays, causing the sample to re-emit fluorescent, or secondary, x-rays. The energy of these fluorescent x-rays is unique to each different element, so chemical composition can be determined from the reading. Fluorescent x-ray radiation is measured in milliRoentgen per hour (mR/hr).

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Photo credit: © Lance Cheung/US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Alamy / Afripics
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