. Electric railway journal . ause more frequent disturbance totrack, as they require more attention to spiking condi-tions and more frequent renewals. What Are Heart Ties, Slab Tiesand Culls? The manner in which the tie is cut out of the tree isgenerally the basis for defining its kind. A tie cut froma tree from which not more than one tie can be pro-duced from a section is called a pole tie and it ishewed or sawed on two parallel faces. When made froma tree of a size that two or more ties can be made froma section by splitting, the tie is called a split inferior tie, named a slab tie,
. Electric railway journal . ause more frequent disturbance totrack, as they require more attention to spiking condi-tions and more frequent renewals. What Are Heart Ties, Slab Tiesand Culls? The manner in which the tie is cut out of the tree isgenerally the basis for defining its kind. A tie cut froma tree from which not more than one tie can be pro-duced from a section is called a pole tie and it ishewed or sawed on two parallel faces. When made froma tree of a size that two or more ties can be made froma section by splitting, the tie is called a split inferior tie, named a slab tie, is sometimes madefrom the first or outside cut of a log. A sawed tiehas the two sides and two faces sawed. The upper orlower plane surface is called the face. A quarteredtie is one made from a tree of a size to yield fourties per section. A slabbed tie is one sawed on onlytwo faces. If the two faces are of equal width, aslabbed tie is also a pole tie but should the lower facebe wider than the upper, it is called a half-round. Slabbed. Ties Wane Tie. FIG. 1—TYPES OF TIES (WILLARD). FIG. 2—METHODSUNTREATED TIES; LOWE and is usually of greater length than an ordinary ties are those used to support turnouts andare usually of special lengths and sizes for this pur-pose. A treated tie is one which has been subjectedto some process intended to prevent decay. Shakesare separations of the wood fibers due to action of windupon the standing tree. Checks are cracks in thewood usually caused by seasoning. White-oak timber is by far the best for use as tiesand is the most largely used. (See Table I.) It is butseldom treated and it has been stated that it is scarcelyeconomical to do so, owing to its very high resistanceto decay. The average life of white oak under heavysteam-road traffic is about nine years, while this is ex-
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