. Cost-effective optimization of rubble-mound breakwater cross sections. Breakwaters; Breakwaters. in the structure is accomplished with a variety of manual and automatic tech- niques designed to simulate the realities of full-scale field placement. The placement tolerances of model rubble-mound breakwaters often are smaller than their prototype counterparts, however. The hydraulic characteristics of un- derlayers and the core can be especially difficult to model by the Reynolds criteria since the shape of the units, their surface friction (particularly between layers), and the shape of the in
. Cost-effective optimization of rubble-mound breakwater cross sections. Breakwaters; Breakwaters. in the structure is accomplished with a variety of manual and automatic tech- niques designed to simulate the realities of full-scale field placement. The placement tolerances of model rubble-mound breakwaters often are smaller than their prototype counterparts, however. The hydraulic characteristics of un- derlayers and the core can be especially difficult to model by the Reynolds criteria since the shape of the units, their surface friction (particularly between layers), and the shape of the interstices are critical. Erosion of fine foundation material at the toe of breakwaters is also a problem, gener- ally yielding only qualitative conclusions. An account of these and other scale effects is necessary for reliable interpretation of model results (Jensen and Klinting 1983). 47. Scale modeling operational procedures associated with the design of rubble-mound breakwaters can be classified in three general groups: (a) cross-section design tests run in two-dimensional flumes (Figure 8),. Figure 8. Scale model testing in two-dimensional wave flume (b) tests of heads, elbows, transitions, offshore hydrographic effects, and oblique waves in three-dimensional wave basins, and (c) tests of breakwaters at various stages of construction (in either flumes or wave basins). The first of these is of primary interest to discussions of analytical optimiza- tion, since it is this type of scale model testing which has generated most of the analytical relations used by designers. These tests of proposed cross- section designs are intended to verify the predictions of analytical proce- dures and to refine detailed features of the cross section. They are often 30. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Smith,
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