. The Eastern Bering Sea Shelf : oceanography and resources / edited by Donald W. Hood and John A. Calder. Oceanography Bering Ice At Maximum Extent New Ice Converging Diverging 65'. Figure 10-6. Schematic diagram of areas of ice generation, compaction, and divergence. This is meant as a first look for future refinement. The area of Eastern Norton Sound under certain wind conditions also behaves as an ice-formation area. ICE FORMATION In the initial stages of ice formation, grease ice is produced in the upper layer of the water and floats to the surface (Martin, Oil-Ice Interaction, this
. The Eastern Bering Sea Shelf : oceanography and resources / edited by Donald W. Hood and John A. Calder. Oceanography Bering Ice At Maximum Extent New Ice Converging Diverging 65'. Figure 10-6. Schematic diagram of areas of ice generation, compaction, and divergence. This is meant as a first look for future refinement. The area of Eastern Norton Sound under certain wind conditions also behaves as an ice-formation area. ICE FORMATION In the initial stages of ice formation, grease ice is produced in the upper layer of the water and floats to the surface (Martin, Oil-Ice Interaction, this volume). This ice is blown downwind on the water's surface and piles up at the leading edge of ice stream- ers (Fig. 10-7). As the grease ice layer thickens, it damps the surface wave field (Martin, Oil-Ice Inter- action, this volume) and is compacted until it forms a surface layer which can support ice growth under- neath. This thickening ice forms pancakes and eventually larger floes which are incorporated into the pack. This replacement process appears to be continuous. Fig. 10-8 shows a LANDSAT 3 image of the polynya area west of Nome along the Seward Penin- sula. It has been enhanced to bring out detail in the first two gray levels of the image so that the grease ice forming in the lee of the mainland is visible. The wind was from the northeast (Pease, this volume). Streamers of grease ice can be seen, as well as large floes made of thin ice which was piled up and had broken free. Fig. 10-9, a mosaic of five LANDSAT 3 scenes from 12 March 1979, shows ice formation along a track from the Bering Strait to the ice edge near St. Matthew Island. Here grease ice is visible south of St. Lawrence Island. The gray signature of this thinner ice gradually appears whiter due to the thicker ice downwind. This polynya with grease ice forming within it was also noted during BESEX in 1973 (Ramseier et al. 1974), and is often evident in FWS ice charts (Eastern-Western Arctic Sea Ice Anal-
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