History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . (§§664-670, 699-701, 710-711). Thenobles began to change their feudal castles, which since the inven-tion of gunpowder were no longer impregnable, into luxuriouspalaces and country houses. The new scholarship of Italy alsotook root and flourished not only in France but in England andGermany as well, and Greek began to be studied outside of , just as Italy was becoming, politically, the victimof foreign aggressions, it was also losing, never to regain, thatintellectual leadership which it had
History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . (§§664-670, 699-701, 710-711). Thenobles began to change their feudal castles, which since the inven-tion of gunpowder were no longer impregnable, into luxuriouspalaces and country houses. The new scholarship of Italy alsotook root and flourished not only in France but in England andGermany as well, and Greek began to be studied outside of , just as Italy was becoming, politically, the victimof foreign aggressions, it was also losing, never to regain, thatintellectual leadership which it had enjoyed since the revival ofinterest in Latin and Greek literature. Emperor Charles V and his Vast Realms 495 725. Francis I and his Attempt to conquer Northern Italy, It would be wearisome and unprofitable to follow the attemptsof the French to get a foothold in northern Italy. Suffice it tosay that Charles VIII soon died and that his successor Louis XIIlaid claim to the duchy of Milan in the north as well as toNaples in the south. But he concluded to sell his claim to Naples. Fig. 129. Francis I to Ferdinand of Aragon and centered his attention on holdingMilan, but did not succeed in his purpose, largely owing to theopposition of the Pope. Francis I, who came to the French throne in 1515 at the ageof twenty, is one of the most famous of the French kings. Hewas gracious and chivalrous in his ideas of conduct, and hisproudest title was the gentleman king. Like his contempo-raries, Pope Leo X, son of Lorenzo de Medici, and Henry VIIIof England, he helped artists and men of letters and was interestedin fine buildings, of which a striking example is shown on page (Fig. 130). 496 History of Europe Francis opened his reign by a very astonishing victory. Heled his troops into Italy, over a pass which had hitherto beenregarded as impracticable for cavalry, and defeated the Swiss—who were in the Popes pay—at Marignano. He then occupiedMilan and opened negotiations w
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