A brief history of the nations and of their progress in civilization . t were scarcely less eminent. In novel writing,Miss Austen, Miss Porter, and Miss Edgeworth had pre-ceded Walter Scott, whose Waverley Novels became the mostpopular works of fiction ofthe age. In America, the most im-portant writings were ofa political or theologicalcharacter. In the formerdepartment, the names ofMarshall, Hamilton, andJefferson are famous. In Germany, the greatpoets Goethe (1749-1832)and Schiller (1759-1805)produced their famousworks. By common con-sent Goethe is ranked asthe foremost of Germanauthors. In
A brief history of the nations and of their progress in civilization . t were scarcely less eminent. In novel writing,Miss Austen, Miss Porter, and Miss Edgeworth had pre-ceded Walter Scott, whose Waverley Novels became the mostpopular works of fiction ofthe age. In America, the most im-portant writings were ofa political or theologicalcharacter. In the formerdepartment, the names ofMarshall, Hamilton, andJefferson are famous. In Germany, the greatpoets Goethe (1749-1832)and Schiller (1759-1805)produced their famousworks. By common con-sent Goethe is ranked asthe foremost of Germanauthors. In German phi-losophy, an important placeis to be assigned to the writings of Kant (1724-1804). In music, Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven are sculpture, the Italian Canova (1747-1822), the English-man Elaxman (1755-1826), and the Dane Thorwaldsen (1770-1844), are justly famous. Among the painters of note maybe mentioned the French artists David, Vernet, and Dela-roche; the English Reynolds, Gainsborough, and Turner;and the Americans West, Copley, and PEEIOD v. —FEOM THE OONaEESS OP VIENNA (1815) TOTHE PEESENT TIME CHAPTER LXXIV INTEODUCTION Political Changes in Europe. — The desire of the peoples ofEurope for constitutional freedom and national unity, afterthe yoke of Napoleon had been thrown off, was for a longseason baffled. This was owing partly to the lassitude natu-ral after the long and exhausting wars, and more to the com-bination of the principal sovereigns, instigated by the loveof power and the dread of revolution, for the purpose ofpreventing the popular yearning from being gratified. ButJn 1830, — when half of the lifetime of a generation hadpassed by, — the overthrow of the old Bourbon line of kings inFrance was the signal for disturbances and changes elsewhereon the continent. In England, at about the same time, therebegan an era of constitutional and legislative reforms whichproduced a wider diffusion of political power. In 1848,—after
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