Spain/Al-Andalus: A Muslim scientist supposed to be Ibn Tufail (c. 1105-1185) and a Christian scientist supposedly Euclid (c. 300 BCE) making geometric calculations, from a 15th century manuscript. Ibn Tufail (full name: Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Muhammad ibn Tufail al-Qaisi al-Andalusi) was an Andalusian Muslim polymath, a writer, novelist, Islamic philosopher, Islamic theologian, physician, astronomer, vizier and court official. As a philosopher and novelist, he is most famous for writing the first philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, also known as Philosophus Autodidactus.

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