The Excommunication of Robert the Pious', by Jean-Paul Laurens, 1875. Nicknamed 'the Pious', Robert II (972-1031) was King of France from 996. He was temporarily excommunicated by Pope Gregory V, who would not sanction Robert's marriage to his second wife, Bertha, Princess of Burgundy, on the grounds that they were cousins. From the Musee d'Orsay, Paris, France.

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