. The economics of biodiversity loss: Scoping the science. Direct non-consumptive use values Direct non-consumptive use values are defined as being obtained when individuals make actual or planned use of an ecosystem without extracting any element from it. Nature tourism and other forms of outdoors recreation related to nature are traditionally considered within this category ( Rockel & Kealy 1991), and we followed that approach (theme 12), although it should be acknowledged that these activities may have substantial impacts on the places visited, even if not harvesting resources from
. The economics of biodiversity loss: Scoping the science. Direct non-consumptive use values Direct non-consumptive use values are defined as being obtained when individuals make actual or planned use of an ecosystem without extracting any element from it. Nature tourism and other forms of outdoors recreation related to nature are traditionally considered within this category ( Rockel & Kealy 1991), and we followed that approach (theme 12), although it should be acknowledged that these activities may have substantial impacts on the places visited, even if not harvesting resources from them. n ts Js s> l-l •I |l -i :i is SI II 5 ! cnn:. 16 13 14 17 17 Total Economic Value: consumptive use Option value Figure 13 How each main review theme relates to the Total Economic Value framework. Indirect use values Indirect use values refer to situations when individuals benefit from ecosystem processes underlying the provision of direct benefits. For example, crop pollination (theme 1) is not used as a benefit per se, but as a process towards the increased provision of crop yields. We also included in this category: biological control in crops (2), maintenance of soil quality for crop production (4), fresh water provision and regulation (9), global climate regulation (9), and the regulation of natural hazards (13). Option values Option values are the values that people put on the option to use a resource in the future, even if they are not current users. These future uses may be either direct or indirect. Option values can be thought of as a form of insurance, but the economic literature is divided over 43. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Balmford, A. , Rodrigues, A. (University of Cambridge), Walpole, M. (WCMC), ten Brink, P. , Kettunen, M. (IEEP) Braat, L. de Groot, R. (Alterra
Size: 1201px × 2080px
Photo credit: © The Book Worm / Alamy / Afripics
License: Licensed
Model Released: No
Keywords: ., bhlconsortium, bookcollectionbiodiversity, bookcont, bookyear2008
