Applied anatomy and kinesiology, the mechanism of muscular movement . y learn to stand, isessentially the same as regards position of the trunk as the naturalposition of quadrupeds. Here the trunk is supported at its twoextremities and its weight tends to make it sag in the middle,which would be an extension or an overextension of the spine. 220 MOVEMENTS OF THE SPINAL COLUMN The abdominal muscles, as the flexors of the spine, have to preventthis movement and hold the trunk partly flexed. As a result theyoung child, like the quadrupeds, is apt to have strong abdominalmuscles, while they are of
Applied anatomy and kinesiology, the mechanism of muscular movement . y learn to stand, isessentially the same as regards position of the trunk as the naturalposition of quadrupeds. Here the trunk is supported at its twoextremities and its weight tends to make it sag in the middle,which would be an extension or an overextension of the spine. 220 MOVEMENTS OF THE SPINAL COLUMN The abdominal muscles, as the flexors of the spine, have to preventthis movement and hold the trunk partly flexed. As a result theyoung child, like the quadrupeds, is apt to have strong abdominalmuscles, while they are often weak in the adult through disuse. GYMNASTIC MOVEMENTS. Since exercise for the flexors of the trunk is so generally lackingin common occupations, and especially so in school and college life,graded work for this group of muscles is especially important ingymnastics. The impossibility of over-extending the hip jointsmakes it necessary to choose other than standing positions for theseexercises. Sitting, leaning, lying and hanging positions can be usedto The leaning position, used for the abdominal exercise it gives. Leaning Forward.—Leaning forward with the weight supportedby the hands placed upon something at the height of the chest is amild exercise of the quadruped type, and one that can be gradu-ally varied toward the quadruped position by lowering the objectof support. The schoolroom affords opportunity for four stagesof the progression: hands on the wall, hands on the desks, hands on GYMNASTIC MOVEMENTS 221 the seats, and hands on the floor. Flexing and extending the armsin leaning position, with the hands at either of the heights, adds tothe severity of the work and affords variation to sustain the inter-est of the pupil. (See Fig. 161). It is usual to keep the hips extendedin leaning positions, as shown in Fig. 130. Inclining Backward.—Inclining backward from sitting position(Fig. 131) is a convenient way to exercise the abdominal muscles andthe flexors
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