The Catholic encyclopedia (Volume 9); an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline and history of the Catholic Church . , and some of theexiled bishops were allowed to return. By 1884 diplo-matic relations were renewed, and in 1887 a modiisVivendi between Church and State was brought 1885 the question of the Caroline Islands arose, andBismarck proposed that Pope Leo should arbitrate be-tween Germany and Spain. The good feeling withGermany found expression in the three visits paid Leoby William II (1888, 1893, and 1903), whose fatheralso, when crown prin
The Catholic encyclopedia (Volume 9); an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline and history of the Catholic Church . , and some of theexiled bishops were allowed to return. By 1884 diplo-matic relations were renewed, and in 1887 a modiisVivendi between Church and State was brought 1885 the question of the Caroline Islands arose, andBismarck proposed that Pope Leo should arbitrate be-tween Germany and Spain. The good feeling withGermany found expression in the three visits paid Leoby William II (1888, 1893, and 1903), whose fatheralso, when crown prince (1883), had visited the Vati-can. As a sort of quid pro qico Bismarck thought thepope ought to use his authority to prevent the Catho-lics from opposing some of his poHtical schemes. Onlyonce did Leo interfere in a parliamentary question,and then his advice was followed. In 1880 relationswith the Belgian Government were again broken off kpropos of the school question, on the pretext that thepope was lending himself to duphcity, encouraging thebishops to resist, and pretending to the Governmentthat he was urging moderation. As a matter of fact. LEO XIII CHARTRAN (1891), VATICAN LEO 171 LEO the suppression of the Belgian embassy to the Vaticanhad been settled on before the school question 1885 the new Catholic Government restored Pope Leos pontificate the condition of theChurch in Switzerland improved somewhat, especiallyin the Ticino, in Aargau, and in Basle. In Russia,Solovievs attempt on Alexander II (14 April, 1879)and the silver j ubilee of that czars reign (18S0) gave thepope an opportunity to attempt a rapprochement. Butit was not until after Alexander III came to the throne(1883) that an agreement was reached, by which a fewepiscopal sees were tolerated and some of the morestringent laws against the Catholic clergy slightly re-laxed. But when, in 1884, Leo consented to presentto the czar a petition from the Ruthenian Catholicsagainst the oppression t
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