. Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map . > >. AGRICULTURE NOW AND OF OLD 247 when shod with iron (cf. Av. ayazhdna paiti-darezdna).^ Sucha plow, as contrasted with the heavy plow for deep furrowing,to which several yokes of oxen are hitched,^ is drawn only bytwo cows or heifers (cf. Av. gavd aziy and only loosens thesurface of the ground, as shown in my photograph, which givesan idea also of the kind of ox-goad (Av. gavdza) and yoke(Av. yuyo-semi^ that are still in use in Persia.* Another stockarticle in the peasants o
. Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map . > >. AGRICULTURE NOW AND OF OLD 247 when shod with iron (cf. Av. ayazhdna paiti-darezdna).^ Sucha plow, as contrasted with the heavy plow for deep furrowing,to which several yokes of oxen are hitched,^ is drawn only bytwo cows or heifers (cf. Av. gavd aziy and only loosens thesurface of the ground, as shown in my photograph, which givesan idea also of the kind of ox-goad (Av. gavdza) and yoke(Av. yuyo-semi^ that are still in use in Persia.* Another stockarticle in the peasants outfit, which has remained practicallyunchanged, I believe, since ancient times, if we may judge froman allusion in the Avesta, is the handmill. An essential partof this machine is the round hopper, or funnel, into which thegrain is poured when about to be ground; and with this Iwould compare zgeresno-vaghdhana^ one of the obscure Avestanterms applied to the handmill.^ A third article used by the Avestan husbandman was thespade (Av. Tcdstra). The Persian spade has a long handle, towhich is generally attached a wooden
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