. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. Figure 20. Feedwateb pump ol the Pioneer. (Smithsonian ph sliort and the plunger is in less rapid motion, the present eccentric arrangement is more complex but less prone to disorder than the simpler but Faster crosshead pump. The check valves are placed slightly below the centerline of the boiler (fig. 18). These valves are an unfinished bronze casting and appear to be of a hi cut pattern, probably dating from the 1901 renova- tion. At the time the engine was built, it was usual to house these valves in an spun-brass 1 In- smok
. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. Figure 20. Feedwateb pump ol the Pioneer. (Smithsonian ph sliort and the plunger is in less rapid motion, the present eccentric arrangement is more complex but less prone to disorder than the simpler but Faster crosshead pump. The check valves are placed slightly below the centerline of the boiler (fig. 18). These valves are an unfinished bronze casting and appear to be of a hi cut pattern, probably dating from the 1901 renova- tion. At the time the engine was built, it was usual to house these valves in an spun-brass 1 In- smokestack is of the bonnet type com- monly used on wood-burning locomotives in this country between about 1845 and 187(1. The exhaust steam from the cylinders is directed up the straight stack (shown in phantom in fig. 27) by the blast pipe. This creates a partial vacuum in the smokebox draws the fire, gases, ash, and smoke through the boiler tubes from the firebox. 1 he force of the exhausting steam blows them out the stack. At the top of the straight stack is a deflecting cone which slows the velocity of the exhaust and changes its direction causing it to go down into the funnel-shaped outei casing of the stack. Here, the heavy embers and PAPER 42: THE 'T'; 1 >F ISM cinders are collected and prevented from directly discharging into tin- countryside as dangerous fire- brands. Wire netting is stretched overtop of the deflecting cone to catch the lighter, more volatile embers which may defy the action of the cone. The term "bonnet stack" results from the fact that this netting is similar in shape to a lady's bonnet. The cinders thus accumulated in the stack's hopper could be emptied by opening a 1 he base of the stack. While the deflecting cone was regarded highly as a .in ester and used practically to the exclusion other arrangement, it had the basic defect ol keeping the smoke low and close to the train. This was .1 great nuisance to
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