. History of France and Normandy, from the earliest times to the revolution of 1848. had been wrought in the character of the peopleof France during his banishment; and he wanted firmness ofcharacter to resist the ultras, of whom it was said, with equalseverity and justice, that during their exile they had forgottennothing and learned nothing. 7. Charles X., formerly count of Artois, succeeded hisbrother, and won at first much favour by consenting to abolish«,he censorship of the press; but he continued to retain Villeleat the head of the administration; and, at his coronation, herevived many
. History of France and Normandy, from the earliest times to the revolution of 1848. had been wrought in the character of the peopleof France during his banishment; and he wanted firmness ofcharacter to resist the ultras, of whom it was said, with equalseverity and justice, that during their exile they had forgottennothing and learned nothing. 7. Charles X., formerly count of Artois, succeeded hisbrother, and won at first much favour by consenting to abolish«,he censorship of the press; but he continued to retain Villeleat the head of the administration; and, at his coronation, herevived many of the old superstitious usages which Louis hadwisely abandoned. Under the new reign Villele brought for-ward two very unpopular measures; one granting an indem-nification to the families of those emigrants whose estates hadbeen forfeited during the revolution, and another reducing therate of interest on the public debt. The laws were carried,but not without great opposition. Some concession, however,was made to public opinion by acknowledging the independ 412 HISTORY OF FRANCE,. Charles X. ence of Hayti, and opening commercial intercourse with theSouth American republics. At the same time commercialtreaties were concluded with Great Britain and the empire ofBrazil. 8. In 1826 Villele strengthened his ministry by creatingthirty-one new peers. He endeavoured to establish the aris-tocracy on a permanent basis, by reviving the laws of primo-geniture and entail; but the former was so odious to the greatbody of the French nation, that it was rejected by the chamberof peers. Public attention was chiefly engaged by the trialof Ouvrard, who had furnished the supplies for the Frencharmy when it invaded Spain. The terms of his contract wereexorbitant, and he succeeded in effecting it by extensivebribery; he had also joined in drawing double rations anddouble pay for the soldiers employed in the campaign. WhenVillele first heard of the transaction, he caused Ouvrard to bearrested and bro
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