Logging; the principles and general methods of operation in the United States . boat and dropped in the path of the raft. Thecapstan is then revolved either by man or horse power. Whenthe raft reaches the anchor, the latter is lifted and again carriedforward. A headworks of this character cannot be used to ad-vantage against a head wind. Large quantities of logs are usually handled by a steam-warping tug or alligator, which consists of a fiat-bottomed,steel-shod scow on which is mounted a pair of twenty-horse- 378 LOGGING power engines and a large capstan or windlass. The boats arepropelled ei
Logging; the principles and general methods of operation in the United States . boat and dropped in the path of the raft. Thecapstan is then revolved either by man or horse power. Whenthe raft reaches the anchor, the latter is lifted and again carriedforward. A headworks of this character cannot be used to ad-vantage against a head wind. Large quantities of logs are usually handled by a steam-warping tug or alligator, which consists of a fiat-bottomed,steel-shod scow on which is mounted a pair of twenty-horse- 378 LOGGING power engines and a large capstan or windlass. The boats arepropelled either by twin screws or side wheels and are so con-structed that they may be drawn overland on ^ids under theirown power. When towing, a cable is fastened to some con-venient tree on shore or an anchor is thrown out several hun-dred feet in advance of the raft and the tug then run back andattached to the raft which is advanced by winding up the cableon the capstan. Under a favorable wind a tug of this characterwill handle 60,000 board feet and under a head wind, 30,000 Plwlograpli by D. A. Rogers. Fig. 114. — A Headworks used to tow Log Rafts across Small Lakes. Maine. The cost of drives on small streams ranges from 25 to 30cents per thousand feet for a few miles up to for a distanceof from 30 to 50 miles. As a rule transport on small streams ismore expensive per thousand feet per mile than on large ones,because of the limited amount of timber handled, the roughcharacter of the channel, and the greater number of improve-ments per mile that are required. Individual drives on small streams are in charge of a foremanwho often is the woods superintendent, or the boss of the log-ging camp at which the timber was cut. One or more sub-foremen aid him. FLOATING AND RAFTING 379 The Drive on Large Streams} — The driving problems on por-tions of the route are often similar to those on small streams,but in general the difficulties incident to the transport of logsare not so
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