. Behavior of mule deer on the Keating Winter Range. Mule deer Oregon Behavior; Animal behavior Oregon. The study area (fig. 4) was located along the Powder River in Baker County in northeastern Oregon and included approximately 1,600 acres (650 ha) of benchland along the river. The study area and much of the surrounding Keating Winter Range are on lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior. The study area was representative in vegetation and topography of much of the surrounding range and supported a large population of mule deer (about 75 animals), usuall
. Behavior of mule deer on the Keating Winter Range. Mule deer Oregon Behavior; Animal behavior Oregon. The study area (fig. 4) was located along the Powder River in Baker County in northeastern Oregon and included approximately 1,600 acres (650 ha) of benchland along the river. The study area and much of the surrounding Keating Winter Range are on lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior. The study area was representative in vegetation and topography of much of the surrounding range and supported a large population of mule deer (about 75 animals), usually visible from a high elevation observation point south of the river. Elevation ranged from 2,450 to 3,400 feet (746 to 1036 m). Slopes into the 300- to 400-foot-deep (91- to 121-m) main Powder River canyon are short and steep (commonly 60 to 80 percent), whereas the gradients of the small tributary streams that run through the gentle topography of the upland benches are more moderate as they empty into the river. Side slopes into these drainages are gentle in the northern part of the study area but steepen to 60 to 80 percent near the Powder River canyon (fig. 2).. Figure 4—Map of instruments and the general study area. Vegetation includes big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.), bearded bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. & Smith), and annual grass com- munities with very narrow stringers of streamside riparian shrubs. A large seeding of standard crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum Schult.) occupied the north and upper elevation portion of the study area; approximately 20 acres (8 ha) of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) had been growing in the middle of the benchland below the seeding. The lower portion of the benchland was dominated by big sagebrush, with small openings of annual grass. Through disturbance, some big sagebrush areas had been converted to rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pall.) Brit.) successional stages. At the extreme nort
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