. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. VIOLARIEAE 141 Visitors.—Hart observed an owlet-moth—CucuUia umbratica L.—a butterfly— Hipparchia janira L.—and humble-bees. Wittrock noticed Bombus subterraneus L. and several butterflies near Stockholm. 362. V. pinnata L. (Herm. MuUer, ' Alpenblumen,' p. 151.)—The lower lip possesses no hairs for the reception of the pollen which falls from the cone of anthers. The proboscis of an insect when thrust into the spur is, therefore, not covered with pollen from
. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. VIOLARIEAE 141 Visitors.—Hart observed an owlet-moth—CucuUia umbratica L.—a butterfly— Hipparchia janira L.—and humble-bees. Wittrock noticed Bombus subterraneus L. and several butterflies near Stockholm. 362. V. pinnata L. (Herm. MuUer, ' Alpenblumen,' p. 151.)—The lower lip possesses no hairs for the reception of the pollen which falls from the cone of anthers. The proboscis of an insect when thrust into the spur is, therefore, not covered with pollen from below, but from above, so that the lower margin of the stigma is pollinated and crossing is effected. Self-pollination is prevented by a pronounced broadening of the rim of the stigma (see Fig. 39). Linnaeus long ago observed cleistogamous flowers. Visitors.—These are probably Fig. 39. Viola pinnaia, (after Herm. Miiller). A. Front view of flower. B. Section through flower. C. Reproductive organs. D. Pistil seen from the side. E. Front view of style and stigma. {A and .ff x 3J ; C—E x 7.) 363. V. arenaria DC. (Herm. Miiller, 'Alpenblumen,' p. 152.)—The flower mechanism agrees with that of the last species. The proboscis of an insect is dusted with pollen from above, and self-pollination is prevented. The margin of the stigma is not expanded, but beset with stiff', projecting hairs (see Fig. 40). At Kongsvold on the Dovrefjeld Lindman found that the flowers were cleisto- gamous during the first three weeks of July, and set fruits. Kerner observed in the Tyrol cleistogamous flowers on the prostrate runners, besides the chasmogamous ones. Visitors.—Herm. Miiller observed butterflies (Vanessa). 364. V. tricolor L. (Sprengel, 'Entd. Geh.,' pp. 386-400; Hildebrand, 'Die Geschlechtsvert. b. d. Pfl.'; Herm. MuUer, 'Fertilisation,' pp. 117-18, ' Weit. Beob.,' II, pp. 206-9; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, pp. 215-20; Knuth, 'Bl. u. Insekt.
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