Applied anatomy and kinesiology, the mechanism of muscular movement . brevis will lift the outer margin ofthe foot and bend it laterally so asto make the outer edge more con-cave. In spite of the assertion ofmost anatomists that both the tibialisposterior and the peroneus brevisextend the ankle, Duchenne saysthat they neither flex nor extend it,but tend to hold it in the normalposition between the two. On amechanical question like this hisexperiments by electric stimulationand traction upon the severed ten-dons should give the most reliableconclusions. The muscles shown in Figs. 116and 117, wi
Applied anatomy and kinesiology, the mechanism of muscular movement . brevis will lift the outer margin ofthe foot and bend it laterally so asto make the outer edge more con-cave. In spite of the assertion ofmost anatomists that both the tibialisposterior and the peroneus brevisextend the ankle, Duchenne saysthat they neither flex nor extend it,but tend to hold it in the normalposition between the two. On amechanical question like this hisexperiments by electric stimulationand traction upon the severed ten-dons should give the most reliableconclusions. The muscles shown in Figs. 116and 117, with a few others beneaththem, especially those toward theinner side, help to support the archof the foot when the weight of thebody is placed upon it. Their LrtSi Fig. 115.—The tibialis posterior and peroneusbrevis of right foot. (Gerrish.) 198 MOVEMENTS OF THE FOOT primary duty, however, is to move the toes and they are not ablealone to keep the arch from flattening out under the body weightif the triceps of the leg or the peroneus longus or both of themare Fig. 116 Fig. 117 Figs. 116 and 117.—The first and second layers of the muscles of the sole. (Gerrish.) DEFECTS OF THE FOOT. Deformities of the foot are sometimes produced by paralysis oratrophy of certain muscles, as a result of which the remainingmuscles pull the joints into abnormal positions; a similar deformityis sometimes caused by abnormal shortening of certain muscleswhich is called contracture. The most common of these deformitiesare as follows: DEFECTS OF THE FOOT 199 1. Paralysis of the gastrocnemius and soleus with the resultingshortening of the tibialis anterior and extensor longus give .thedeformity called calcaneus, where the forefoot is kept up and thepatient walks on the heel. 2. Contracture of the gastrocnemius and soleus produces theform of defect called equinus, the weight being supported on thetoes and the heel unable to touch the ground. 3. Contracture of the tibialis anterior and posterior o
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