. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 2 mm single neuron mm nvertebrate ganglion Figure I. Schematic of the three kinds of measurements described as examples. (Lett) An indmdual cortical hippocampal CAI pyramidal cell. Each pixel of the -JM-elcment photodiode array receues light from a small part of the dendnte. axon. or cell body of the neuron. An optical measurement of membrane potential pro\ ides information about how the neuron converts its synaptic input into its spike output. (Middle) A slice through ,m imertebrate ganglion with its cell bodies m a cor
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 2 mm single neuron mm nvertebrate ganglion Figure I. Schematic of the three kinds of measurements described as examples. (Lett) An indmdual cortical hippocampal CAI pyramidal cell. Each pixel of the -JM-elcment photodiode array receues light from a small part of the dendnte. axon. or cell body of the neuron. An optical measurement of membrane potential pro\ ides information about how the neuron converts its synaptic input into its spike output. (Middle) A slice through ,m imertebrate ganglion with its cell bodies m a cortex around the outside and neuropil in the middle. Here each detector receives light from one or a small number ol cell bodies A voltage-sensitive dye measurement of spike activity while the ganglion is generating a behavior provides information about how the heha\ lor is generated. iRighn A vertebrate brain with the superimposed 4M-element photodiode array (used in all three examples) Each pixel of the array receives light from thousands of cells and processes. The signal is the population average of the change in membrane potential in those cells and processes. The image of the hippocampal neuron \\.is taken from Mainen el at. (1996). measured simultaneously. Third (right panel), responses to sensory stimuli and generation of motor output in the ver- tebrate brain are often accompanied by synchronous activa- tion of many neurons in widespread brain areas; voltage- sensitive dye recordings allow simultaneous measurement of population signals from many areas In these three in- stances, optical recordings have provided kinds of informa- tion about the function of the nervous system that were previously unobtainable. In the second half of the article, we describe the experi- mental details that are important in obtaining the signal-to- noise ratios achieved in the experiments described in the first section. We discuss signal type, dyes, light sources, photodetectors. and optics.
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