. The depths of the ocean; a general account of the modern science of oceanography based largely on the scientific researches of the Norwegian steamer Michael Sars in the North Atlantic. Oceanography. 534 DEPTHS OF THE OCEAN CHAP. I have already stated that the north and east coasts of Iceland are boreo - arctic areas. Even as far south as lat. 64° 17' N. and long. 140 44' W., that is to say, quite close in to the coast, the " Michael Sars " found purely arctic forms at a depth of 75 metres, namely, the prawn Sclerocrangon boreas and the ascidian Molgula retortiformis, together with
. The depths of the ocean; a general account of the modern science of oceanography based largely on the scientific researches of the Norwegian steamer Michael Sars in the North Atlantic. Oceanography. 534 DEPTHS OF THE OCEAN CHAP. I have already stated that the north and east coasts of Iceland are boreo - arctic areas. Even as far south as lat. 64° 17' N. and long. 140 44' W., that is to say, quite close in to the coast, the " Michael Sars " found purely arctic forms at a depth of 75 metres, namely, the prawn Sclerocrangon boreas and the ascidian Molgula retortiformis, together with forms that are either widely distributed throughout both regions, or are boreal with a boreo-arctic Here again, therefore, the character of the fauna was evidence of the meeting of the two great currents, the East Iceland Polar Stream and the At - lantic Stream. Before leaving the arctic fauna I have still to mention a few characteristic forms, which penetrate for a short distance into the boreal region along the coast of Norway. The starfish Ctenodiscus crispatus is found as far south as Christian- sund, where it occurs in enormous quanti- ties; and another star- fish, Leptoptychaster arcticus? has its south- ern limit in the Trondhjem fjord. A very characteristic arctic species of mussel, Pecten islandicus (see Fig. 374), is very numerous and of large size in the Trondhjem fjord, and may be met with even farther south, while the same fjord is the southern limit for the molluscs Onchidiopsis glacialis, Dendro- notus velifer, and a few others. We have thus another instance of the difficulty in fixing definite boundaries for the different regions. The Trondhjem fjord shelters too many forms which 1 I append the names of a few forms :—Ascidians : Ascidia obliqua, Pelonaia corrugata, Macroclinum pomum (numerous), Distoma crystallinum. Crustaceans : Hyas coantatus, Pagurus, Pandalus annulicornis, Hippolyte polaris, Cratigon a/h/ian/ii, Ant urns sp. Echino- derms:
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