. Rudimentary treatise on agricultural engineering . shall be an effectual guarantee againstfloods, or any sudden rise of the water in the should be as permanently constructed as possible, andbe made to work easily, which they very seldom do, and agreat deal of hammering and heaving with crowbars takesplace when they are required to be opened; this is moreespecially the case when the gates are made too wide, whichthey often are; great care shoidd also be taken in making asound junction with the banks and the wings of the sluice-frames above, so that no water may find its way thro
. Rudimentary treatise on agricultural engineering . shall be an effectual guarantee againstfloods, or any sudden rise of the water in the should be as permanently constructed as possible, andbe made to work easily, which they very seldom do, and agreat deal of hammering and heaving with crowbars takesplace when they are required to be opened; this is moreespecially the case when the gates are made too wide, whichthey often are; great care shoidd also be taken in making asound junction with the banks and the wings of the sluice-frames above, so that no water may find its way throughfrom the back. As much water as will, having flowed throughthe sluices, the next operation is to lift the remainder up tothat level, that it also may be got rid of. A great varietyof machines have been used for this purpose in ancient and b MACHINERY AND IMPLEMENTS FOR DRAINAGE. modem times, but those now generally in use are eitherthe Dutch Scoop Wheel or the Cornish Pumping Holland scoop-wheels may be seen in constant Fig. SECTION OF DUTCH DRAINING WINDMILL AND SCOOP-WHEEL. use, draining the polders. They are chiefly driven by wind-mills. Pig. 2 is a section of one of these draining machines, MACHINERY AND IMPLEMENTS FOB, DRAINAGE. 9 showing the manner of driving the wheel. The mill is con-structed similar to an ordinary flour-mill, hut the uprightshaft is carried down to the hottom floor, where a bevelwheel is placed upon it, and another on the shaft of thescoop-wheel, to which it communicates the motion. Thescoop-wheel, or flash-wheel, as it is often called, is con-structed of a series of flat blades, radiating, but not from thecentre of a shaft similar to ordinary water-wheels, the bladeswork in a chase which they accurately fit, and in theirrevolutions force the water before them from the lower tothe higher level, as shown in the annexed section. These machines are not economical or effective in liftingthe water above the centre of the axle, the l
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