. The biology of the amphibia. Amphibians. 486 THE BIOLOGY OF THE AMPHIBIA extension of the cloaca in the male (Fig. 154). This is used in copulation, fertilization being internal in this genus. SUBORDER 2. OpisTHOCOELA.—The Discoglossidae and Pipidae are unquestionably closely related. They are the only Salientia which exhibit typical opisthocoelous vertebrae, -with well-fused centra (Fig. 155). Their scapulae are shorter than in the other Salientia, even though some forms may be terrestrial and others aquatic. The Opisthocoela are also primitive in possessing free ribs either in the larva or
. The biology of the amphibia. Amphibians. 486 THE BIOLOGY OF THE AMPHIBIA extension of the cloaca in the male (Fig. 154). This is used in copulation, fertilization being internal in this genus. SUBORDER 2. OpisTHOCOELA.—The Discoglossidae and Pipidae are unquestionably closely related. They are the only Salientia which exhibit typical opisthocoelous vertebrae, -with well-fused centra (Fig. 155). Their scapulae are shorter than in the other Salientia, even though some forms may be terrestrial and others aquatic. The Opisthocoela are also primitive in possessing free ribs either in the larva or in the adult. Their Fig. 153.—Diagram illustrating the phylogeny of the Salientia. muscular system approaches closely that of the Liopelmidae. On the other hand, some pipids have the most specialized skulls and sacra of all Salientia, and some discoglossids have the most advanced urogenital system. The tongueless condition of the Pipidae is an extreme aquatic specialization almost paralleled by the tongue reduction in the thoroughly aquatic species of Batra- chophrynus, a bufonid. Family 1. Discoglossidae.—The Discoglossidae are far less specialized than the Pipidae, although some, such as Bombina, spend most of their time in the water. They may be described as Opisthocoela with a fully arciferal pectoral girdle, ribs pres-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Noble, Gladwyn Kingsley, 1894-1940. New York : McGraw-Hill
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