. Elementary physical geography;. -tion, namely—rapid intellectual development. Primitiveman had learned the use of fire, and this in itself wasto give him supremacy over all other animate nature. Hehad also acquired the use of tools, and these brought a greatincrease of power. The earliest race of people employedhammers or axes of rough stone. The next step seems tohave been the making of polished stone axes, knives, andarrow-heads. In western Europe, at one time jade, avery hard and fine-grained mineral, supplanted flint as thematerial out of which stone-cutting tools were comm
. Elementary physical geography;. -tion, namely—rapid intellectual development. Primitiveman had learned the use of fire, and this in itself wasto give him supremacy over all other animate nature. Hehad also acquired the use of tools, and these brought a greatincrease of power. The earliest race of people employedhammers or axes of rough stone. The next step seems tohave been the making of polished stone axes, knives, andarrow-heads. In western Europe, at one time jade, avery hard and fine-grained mineral, supplanted flint as thematerial out of which stone-cutting tools were commerce of this mineral opened probably the firsttrade route between Europe and Asia. When, however, 346 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY the primitive man applied fire to the shaping of his toolsand implements made of metal, his civilization was assured,and his power became supreme. The metal first employed was a crude alloy now knownas bronze. At a later period, however, iron was substitu-ted for the alloy. Some of these implements were orna-. EMERGING FROM A SAVAGE STATE mental in character, but in the main they were tools andweapons. With the increased power afforded by labor-saving tools the people who used them emerged graduallyinto civilization. Migrations of Mankind.—The history of mankind isthe history of successive migrations. From the earliesttimes people have associated in families; families havegrown into clans; and clans into tribes. When a region MAN 347 has been sparsely settled, association and government havecommonly been patriarchal, the oldest one of the familyor clan being the leader. Where there has been a common enemy, however, theplan of association has often been communal as well astribal. The families described in the earlier history asrecorded in the Old Testament observed a patriarchalrule; in later times, the plan of government became com-munal and afterward national. The same evolution hadbegun in the history of aboriginal Americans. Familieshad grown into clan
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