. Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Institution. Archives; Discoveries in science. 422 GEOGRAPHIC CONQUESTS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. THE ARCTICS. Throe long-souglit mnhitions inspired the cti'orts of the Arctic explorers of tlie nineteenth century—first, to discovei- u Nortliwest Passage to India; second, to discover a Northeast Passage, and, third, to reach the North Pole. The first two objects were attained. McClure, in 1850-1853, forced a painful passage from Bering Strait to P^urope, and nearly thirty years later Ba
. Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Institution. Archives; Discoveries in science. 422 GEOGRAPHIC CONQUESTS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. THE ARCTICS. Throe long-souglit mnhitions inspired the cti'orts of the Arctic explorers of tlie nineteenth century—first, to discovei- u Nortliwest Passage to India; second, to discover a Northeast Passage, and, third, to reach the North Pole. The first two objects were attained. McClure, in 1850-1853, forced a painful passage from Bering Strait to P^urope, and nearly thirty years later Baron Nordenskjold, the Swedish scientist, succeeded in reaching the Pacific Ocean by following the Asiatic coast. Neither of these routes have 3'et proved of practical value to the world. With the development, however, of northern Siberia, in vicAV of the possi- bility of the route l)eing ke])f open by vessels of the type of the ice-. FiG. 3.—Arctic Regions iis ktidwii in isiio. l)reaking Ycr>ii(il\ the Northeast l*assage ma}' become a route of some traffic in lumber, furs, etc. The North Pole remains still unconcpiered, though it is not so remote. Hall, Lockwood, Nansen, and A])ruzzi have each gone farther than his predecessor, until only 3 degrees and 27 minutes have to be overcome. In 1800 the Arctic coast of North America was undetermined. Mackenzie, in 1T89, had descended to the mouth of the river which bears his name, and some 3'ears before him, in 1771, Hearne had descended the Coppermine to its mouth. Both reported an open sea to the north. On the Asiatic coast, the outlets of the Lena, Yenisei, and Obi were known, the Bear Islands had been visited, and Nova Zembla discovered centuries Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Smithsonian Institution. Board of Regents; United Sta
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