. Domestication of the carp Cyprinus carpio Carp; Domestication; Fish culture. Fig. 6 This illustration from the 18th century shows that monks, very much like the Romans, enjoyed fishing for carp in monastery ponds. (Courtesy of the Mansell Collection, London.) kept pike (Esox lucius), crucian carp (Carassiuscarassius), bream (Abramis brama), and other species. But these species were difficult to keep in good condition in the primitive reservoirs. They knew that carp could be bred easily in these circumstances and introduced it. REARING OF CARP IN PONDS AND FIRST REPRODUCTION IN CAPTIVITY
. Domestication of the carp Cyprinus carpio Carp; Domestication; Fish culture. Fig. 6 This illustration from the 18th century shows that monks, very much like the Romans, enjoyed fishing for carp in monastery ponds. (Courtesy of the Mansell Collection, London.) kept pike (Esox lucius), crucian carp (Carassiuscarassius), bream (Abramis brama), and other species. But these species were difficult to keep in good condition in the primitive reservoirs. They knew that carp could be bred easily in these circumstances and introduced it. REARING OF CARP IN PONDS AND FIRST REPRODUCTION IN CAPTIVITY Carp then were first reared with other species of fish in a simple man-made rearing pond. Certainly, some unexpected spawning occurred already in Roman piscinae and also in monastery ponds; no organized reproduction, however, was recorded. Charlemagne ( 768-814), the first Holy Roman Emperor, ordered his tenant farmers to maintain ponds and issued orders for their control. His orders, however, were concerned with protection against poaching, regulation of fishing and sale of fish, not with culture. Leonhardt (1906) claims that the lack of concern in carp reproduction was conditioned by an abundant fish fauna in local waters with which the landlords could regularly stock the ponds. In my opinion, Leonhardt (loc. cit.) incorrectly assumes the natural occurrence of the wild carp then in waters of southern and northern Europe. Moreover, archaeological findings of Slavonic settle- ments at the outset of the Polish Empire in the Ninth to Twelfth Centuries did not include carp, though they have produced remains of ide (Leuciscus idus), sturgeon (Acipenser sturio), chub (Leuciscus cephalus), tench (Tinea tinea), perch (Perca fluviatilis), mud loach [Misgurnus fossilis), roach (Rutilus rutilus), beaked carp (Chondrostoma nasus). wels (Silurus glanis), pike (Esox lucius), eel (Ani>uilla anguilla), salmon (Sahno salar or Sabno trutta) and rapfen (Aspius aspius) (Perlbach, 1881 ). T
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