. Electric railway journal . been due to a balancing of fourprime factors entering into the cost of service, namely,length of haul balancing density of traffic, and increas-ing efficiency balancing rising wages and prices. Thuswhere long average hauls have been given for a singlefare, the cost has been balanced by high density of continual increase in prices of labor and materialshas been balanced by continually increasing efficiency inmanagement and design of construction and latter balance has been irremediably destroyedby the war and the effect has been particularl
. Electric railway journal . been due to a balancing of fourprime factors entering into the cost of service, namely,length of haul balancing density of traffic, and increas-ing efficiency balancing rising wages and prices. Thuswhere long average hauls have been given for a singlefare, the cost has been balanced by high density of continual increase in prices of labor and materialshas been balanced by continually increasing efficiency inmanagement and design of construction and latter balance has been irremediably destroyedby the war and the effect has been particularly severeon those companies which combine comparatively longhauls with low density of traffic. The only salvation ofthis situation is a reasonable, scientific adjustment offare to cost of service in each locality. August 23, 1919 Electric Railway Journal 397 West Hams Telephone Control System First to Install System Permitting Immediate Touch with Oneor all Traffic Regulators—Reduction of AccidentCosts a Valuable By-Product. IN THE UnitedStates, the use ofthe telephone forthe control of trafficconditions along theline has depended inlarge measure on theinitiative of the out-side men exceptwhere they have beeninstructed definitelyto call up at regularintervals. In the sev-eral electric railviayinstallations, for ex-ample, the conductorscall up on reachingthe terminals or spe-cial traffic points inorder to give theirtime and ask for fur-ther orders. The West Ham(England) Corporation Tramways has gone a step fur-ther. To its original private telephone exchange, itadded in 1916 a control telephone set which permits thetraffic controller at the board to call up one or all ofthe traffic regulators stationed at all important trafficintersections and to talk to them in single or this way, the desired benefit of telephone controlis obtained without any but emergency contacts withthe car crews themselves. On a system with two-and-one-half minute and three-minute headways, an
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