. The cyclopædia of anatomy and physiology. Anatomy; Physiology; Zoology. a c. i ddddddddd d d d the pulmonary branchiae entire, seen in profile: a is the edge by which it adheres to the circum- ference of the stigma; b the simple membrane without folds ; c the folds or leaves. Fig. 88 shows a portion of the same pulmonary bronchia laid open: a is the horny margin of the stigma, or peritrema, to which the simple membrane b adheres; c the common cavity into which each pf the spaces opens which are formed by the laminae. These organs resemble closely in their struc- ture the branchial laminae, a
. The cyclopædia of anatomy and physiology. Anatomy; Physiology; Zoology. a c. i ddddddddd d d d the pulmonary branchiae entire, seen in profile: a is the edge by which it adheres to the circum- ference of the stigma; b the simple membrane without folds ; c the folds or leaves. Fig. 88 shows a portion of the same pulmonary bronchia laid open: a is the horny margin of the stigma, or peritrema, to which the simple membrane b adheres; c the common cavity into which each pf the spaces opens which are formed by the laminae. These organs resemble closely in their struc- ture the branchial laminae, and hence Trevi- ranus and Meckel compare them to branchiae. Muller on the other hand maintains that they are lungs, because, he says, they can be dis- tended with air. The name of pulmonary branchiae, which we have given them, seems to reconcile the two contending opinions, although we believe that the distinction between lungs and gills is in itself of very slight importance when applied to articulate animals. It is, for example, quite impossible to establish such a distinction in certain crustaceans, as the Onis~ cus, the Asellus, the Cymothoa, which are all provided with organs of an analogous structure, although some live in water, and others in air more or less humid. Moreover, certain crabs, as the terrestrial species called Cancer Uca, Ruricola, &c., of Linnaeus, possess branchiae which are much better adapted for respiration in air than in water. The Cancer Manas, so common on our coasts, is almost in the same case, since it passes a great part of its life out of the sea, and it is well known that lobsters and shrimps can live a long time out of water, provided that the air in which they are kept is humid. M. Milne Edwards and myself have demonstrated, by decisive experiments, the conditions in which the branchiae in these animals act as lungs. Circulating system. — The function of cir- culation, which is always so intimately con- nected with that of respiration,
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