Knight's American mechanical dictionary : a description of tools, instruments, machines, processes and engineering, history of inventions, general technological vocabulary ; and digest of mechanical appliances in science and the arts . ped at the sjiace lie-tween the .stones at the outer margin of their elicc-tive faces, as shown at Fig. 2315. Such a mill wasthe quern, common in Italy and Britain in Koniantimes and since. The ancient Egyptian mills, says , wereof simple and Iude construction. They consistedof two circular, horizontal stones, nearly Hat; thelower one fixed, while the
Knight's American mechanical dictionary : a description of tools, instruments, machines, processes and engineering, history of inventions, general technological vocabulary ; and digest of mechanical appliances in science and the arts . ped at the sjiace lie-tween the .stones at the outer margin of their elicc-tive faces, as shown at Fig. 2315. Such a mill wasthe quern, common in Italy and Britain in Koniantimes and since. The ancient Egyptian mills, says , wereof simple and Iude construction. They consistedof two circular, horizontal stones, nearly Hat; thelower one fixed, while the upper one, called therekkab, or rider, in Arabic and Hebrew, turned on apivot or shaft rising from the center of the lowerone. It was turned by two women, seated, eachholding the periiendicular handle, and ojierating bya concerted push and pull motion. The ino(lernEgyptian hand-mill is substantially similar. Theirlarger mills were turned hy oxen or asses, like thoseof the Komans. The millstones were of lianl gritor granite, and are occasionally met with in theruins. The grinding of grain for a family was performedby women or slaves, and, the grist being usually suf-ficient for a single meal only, the work was a daily Fig. GTinfiins^-Machine. stones are found amongst most nations possessing foodrequiring such treatment. The North American In-dians, who had maize, pounded it in this manner tomake a meal or hominy ; large stones in theirvillages formed permanent mortars. Their pestleswere sometimes fortuitous bowlders of convenientshape, sometiujes they were fashioneil into a shapelike a painters muller, or even approximating theform of dumb-hells. Collections of curiosities aboundwith specimens of this rudimentary Smithsonian Institution has many such fromNorth America and the South Seas. The mortarium, or more trusatilis, was a modifi-cation of this form, and Pliny states the bread madeof the broken grain to be snpeiior, in the estimationof some,
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