. Biology of the Membracidae of the Cayuga Lake basin ... Membracidae. Biology of the Membracidae of the Cayuga Lake Basin 295 The strict diagi'aimnatic arrangement, however, would show the position of the famihes as follows: Fiyf/qorldoe Cercop/c/ae Membrcrc/cfae C/ccTC^/c/ae. In defense of the low position here assigned to the Membracidae the following points may be offered: 1. The entire sensory system is most poorly developed. The antennae are so minute as to be in most cases hardly visible and are but feebly pro- vided with sensory apparatus. The responses of the insects to stimuli are ex
. Biology of the Membracidae of the Cayuga Lake basin ... Membracidae. Biology of the Membracidae of the Cayuga Lake Basin 295 The strict diagi'aimnatic arrangement, however, would show the position of the famihes as follows: Fiyf/qorldoe Cercop/c/ae Membrcrc/cfae C/ccTC^/c/ae. In defense of the low position here assigned to the Membracidae the following points may be offered: 1. The entire sensory system is most poorly developed. The antennae are so minute as to be in most cases hardly visible and are but feebly pro- vided with sensory apparatus. The responses of the insects to stimuli are exceedingly slow or entirely wanting. 2. The wings are extremely generalized. In a former paper by the writer (Funkhouser. 1913:92) it has been shown that the Membracidae are in this respect even lower than the Cicadidae, which Comstock and Needham (1899:243) have pronounced the most conservative of the Hemiptera so far as concerns venation of the wings. 3. The genital organs are simple. Little pi-ogress has been made in developing these structures from the ancient t>'p(\ 4. The pronotum, to be sure, is highly specialized, but it is not logical to weigh these modifications of purely mechanical structure's against the more important phylogenetic evidence offered by the sensory, motor, and reproductive systems. EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE MEMBRACIDAE In a taxonomic study of the Homoptera the structure and homology of the vai'ious sclerites of the exoskeleton have in many groups furnished an excellent basis for classification. The following division of this study is therefore offered in the thought that a knowledge of such structures in the family Membracidae might prove valualile in systematic work, and as an explanation in detail of the structures used as characters in the preceding section in which technical descriptions are Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance
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