Archive image from page 1184 of Cunningham's Text-book of anatomy (1914). Cunningham's Text-book of anatomy cunninghamstextb00cunn Year: 1914 ( THE (ESOPHAGUS. 1151 When seen in sections of the frozen body (Fig. 908), the oesophagus usually appears either as a flattened tube with a transverse slit-like cavity, or as an oval or rounded canal with a more or less stellate lumen. The former condition is more common in the neck, owing to the pressure of the trachea, and the latter in the thorax. When exposed in the ordinary post- mortem examination soon after death, it has rather the appearance of
Archive image from page 1184 of Cunningham's Text-book of anatomy (1914). Cunningham's Text-book of anatomy cunninghamstextb00cunn Year: 1914 ( THE (ESOPHAGUS. 1151 When seen in sections of the frozen body (Fig. 908), the oesophagus usually appears either as a flattened tube with a transverse slit-like cavity, or as an oval or rounded canal with a more or less stellate lumen. The former condition is more common in the neck, owing to the pressure of the trachea, and the latter in the thorax. When exposed in the ordinary post- mortem examination soon after death, it has rather the appearance of a solid muscular rod or band than of a hollow tube. The oesophagus presents three distinct constrictions, one situated at its beginning, another at the point where it is crossed by the left bronchus, and the third where it passes through the diaphragm. The two upper constrictions are of the same size, and will admit without injury an instru- ment with a maximum diameter of 4 inch (20 mm.). At each of these points the tube is flattened from before backwards. The oesophagus varies in length in different individuals, from 8 to 14 inches (20 to 35 cm.). The distance from the upper incisors to the begin- ning of the oesophagus averages about 6 inches (15 cm.). During life the cervical portion is said, under ordinary circumstances, to be closed and flattened from before backwards by outside pressure, whilst the thoracic portion may be open owing to the negative pressure in the thorax. The passage into the stomach is also said to be open (Mickulicz), but this is doubtful. The size at the two constrictions, when the tube is fully distended, is 23 mm. transversely, and 17 mm. antero-posteriorly. The other parts vary in diameter between 26 and 30 mm. (Jonnesco). In its first curvature to the left the divergence is greatest opposite the third thoracic vertebra. The second inclination to this side begins about the seventh thoracic vertebra, and continues to the end of the oesophagus, bein
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