. Railroad freight transportation . etween Selkirk and Edinburgh, a distance of 38 miles, re-quired a fortnight for his going and returning, while therate between Liverpool and Manchester was 40 shillings aton, or 15 pence per ton mile. In the coal districts eight bolls of coal, equal to 1700Weight (1904 pounds) was the regular load for a horse witha cart, or wain, upon the common roads. The introduction of railroads as a substitute for commonroads at New Castle-on-Tjue took place between the years1602-1649, probably a considerable time prior to the latterperiod. By 1750 there was scarcely an
. Railroad freight transportation . etween Selkirk and Edinburgh, a distance of 38 miles, re-quired a fortnight for his going and returning, while therate between Liverpool and Manchester was 40 shillings aton, or 15 pence per ton mile. In the coal districts eight bolls of coal, equal to 1700Weight (1904 pounds) was the regular load for a horse witha cart, or wain, upon the common roads. The introduction of railroads as a substitute for commonroads at New Castle-on-Tjue took place between the years1602-1649, probably a considerable time prior to the latterperiod. By 1750 there was scarcely an important mine buthad its accompanying railroad. The most of the railroadsdescended in the direction the goods were to be conveyed,affording an easy draft to loaded carriages, and the descentwas never so great but the empty carriages could be easilydra\vn up the acclivities, see Figure 59. The only motive powerfor a long time after the introduction of railroads was horses,and as long as the wooden rail continued in use, the general. o INVENTION OF STEAM ENGINE 423 load for one horse was 19 bolls, or 4200 weight (4704 pounds).When the wood-way was plated with iron, a horse wasenabled to take a chauldron-wagon, containing 5300 weight(5936 pounds) of coals, exclusive of the weight of thewagons. The next improvement was the adoption of iron rails(about 1767) when the load of the horse was increased tonearly double the quantity heretofore taken upon the woodenrail (or to say 9400 pounds) which also led to a completechange in the disposition of the road. In 1789 William Jessop made a wonderful forward stepby abandoning the flanged rail and bringing in tlie flangedwheel. The history of the arts and manufactures affords noexample of any invention, the credit for which has beenclaimed by so many different individuals and nations, as thatof the steam engine. The account which follows has beencompiled from a variety of sources, but I have relied largelyupon the authoritative work of R. L.
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