. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. 398 A NGIOSPERMA E—DICO TYLED ONES In Spitzbergen this species is sometimes seen as a creeping form, sometimes in dense clumps. According to Andersson and Hesselman (' Bidrag till Kanned. cm Spetsbergens o. Beeren Eil. Karlvaxtflora,' p. i), it begins to bloom in the middle of June, and some plants continue to do so till September. Fruits were observed to be set from the middle of July (19. 7. '98) or the beginning of August (8. 8. '97) onwards. The flowers
. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. 398 A NGIOSPERMA E—DICO TYLED ONES In Spitzbergen this species is sometimes seen as a creeping form, sometimes in dense clumps. According to Andersson and Hesselman (' Bidrag till Kanned. cm Spetsbergens o. Beeren Eil. Karlvaxtflora,' p. i), it begins to bloom in the middle of June, and some plants continue to do so till September. Fruits were observed to be set from the middle of July (19. 7. '98) or the beginning of August (8. 8. '97) onwards. The flowers vary from 9 to 11 mm. in diameter, or exceptionally 18 to 20 mm. Ekstam describes them as faintly fragrant, dark-red to bright violet in colour, or sometimes white ('Blijtenbiol. Beob. a. Spitzbergen,' p. 12). As to the development of the sexual organs the protogynous to homogamous flowers agree with those examined by Warming. Andersson and Hesselman (op. cit., p. 24). Fig. 126- Saxifraga oppositi/olia, L. (after Herm. Muller). A, Newly opened flower, seen from above. B. Older flower, seen from above. C. Another older flower, in longitudinal section (x 5). D, Flower with mature stigmas and unripe anthers, partly in section (x 3^). a, anthers ; n, nectary ; ov, ovules ; ;&, petals ; .j, sepals ; St, stigmas. noticed distinct protogyny. Ekstam says that characteristic more or less closed flowers appear in August, with reduced stamens and greatly enlarged pistils. Schuiz observed gynodioecism in the Tyrol. The nectar is so deeply situated that short-tongued insects can reach it only with great difficulty or not at all, while it is conveniently placed for Lepidoptera. Visitors.—Herm. Miiller noticed that Lepidoptera formed the majority of individuals (3 species), and also observed a beetle, a Syrphid, and 3 Muscids. Ricca saw a humble-bee and several Lepidoptera. Ekstam (Nova Zemlia) observed humble-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that
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