John (23 December 1166 – 19 October 1216) reigned as King of England from 6 April 1199, until his death. He succeeded to the thr
John (23 December 1166 – 19 October 1216) reigned as King of England from 6 April 1199, until his death. He succeeded to the throne as the younger brother of King Richard I, who died without issue. John was the youngest of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine, and was their second surviving son to ascend the throne; thus, he was a Plantagenet or Angevin king of England. During his lifetime John acquired two epithets. One was "Lackland" (French: Sans Terre), because, as his father's youngest son, he did not inherit land out of his family's holdings, and because as king he lost English territories to France. The other was "Soft-sword", for his alleged military ineptitude. Apart from entering popular legend as the enemy of Robin Hood, he is perhaps best-known for having acquiesced —to the barons of English nobility— to seal the Magna Carta, a document which limited kingly power in England and which is popularly thought as an early first step in the evolution of modern democracy.
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