. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history. BLACK SPRUCE FOREST. Figure 3. Maps showing the sampling sites (out of 240) at which each forest-type occurred. A dot at a site indicates that at least one of the five 4 m^ ground flora plots at that site was classified in a ground flora community-type belonging to that forest-type. The sampling sites where ground flora plots of the forest-type were not present are visible as smaller points. (See Figure 1 for a clearer indication of the location of all of the sampling sites.) the plant and environmental data for the various TWINSPAN groups, and
. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history. BLACK SPRUCE FOREST. Figure 3. Maps showing the sampling sites (out of 240) at which each forest-type occurred. A dot at a site indicates that at least one of the five 4 m^ ground flora plots at that site was classified in a ground flora community-type belonging to that forest-type. The sampling sites where ground flora plots of the forest-type were not present are visible as smaller points. (See Figure 1 for a clearer indication of the location of all of the sampling sites.) the plant and environmental data for the various TWINSPAN groups, and the computer package SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Scientists) (Norusis 1990) was used in the statistical analyses. Among the tests applied were one-way analysis of variance (with the Scheffe multiple comparison test), the x^ test of association (including Cramer's V), and Pearson's correlation coefficient. After the multivariate analyses had been completed, in order to verify in the field the validity of the TWINSPAN groups, and to record photographically the appearance of their ground flora, in the summer of 1994 (using the same cruise line compass bearings and distances as in the 1991 field survey) the sam- pling points of 26 plots selected as representative of the eleven TWINSPAN groups were visited. Results TWINSPAN classification of the ground flora plots The TWINSPAN classification of the sample plots to the fourth division level generated fifteen ground flora plot groups (Figure 2). Disregarding the four groups with fewer than ten plots leaves eleven groups, ranging in size from 12 to 196 plots (see Appendix 1 for the ground flora species frequencies for each group). Subsequent analysis, as outlined below, indi- cates that nine of these eleven groups belong to five forest-types. Examination of the tree canopy composition (Table 1) indicates that the first division largely acts to sepa- rate the plots having a large broadleaved component in their canopies (the 59
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