. The Composition of sea-water : comparative and descriptive oceanography. Seawater -- Composition. SECT. 4] BIOLOGICAL SPECIES, WATER-MASSES AND CURRENTS 407 Fig. 11, was eliminated by either high arctic or oceanic conditions in the northern portion of the Chukchi Sea. It should be further pointed out that the occurrence of Metridia luce?is at 73° 42'N, 169° 01'W and 76° 22'N, 163° 16'W in the Chukchi Sea can also be taken to indicate an influx of Bering Sea water into the Arctic Ocean, at least to that latitude. A comparison with Fig. 12 shows this to be farther than reported for penetration
. The Composition of sea-water : comparative and descriptive oceanography. Seawater -- Composition. SECT. 4] BIOLOGICAL SPECIES, WATER-MASSES AND CURRENTS 407 Fig. 11, was eliminated by either high arctic or oceanic conditions in the northern portion of the Chukchi Sea. It should be further pointed out that the occurrence of Metridia luce?is at 73° 42'N, 169° 01'W and 76° 22'N, 163° 16'W in the Chukchi Sea can also be taken to indicate an influx of Bering Sea water into the Arctic Ocean, at least to that latitude. A comparison with Fig. 12 shows this to be farther than reported for penetration of Bering Sea water based on earlier physical-chemical studies (Barnes and Thompson, 1938; LaFond and Pritchard, 1952; Saur, Northernmost extent ot Acortn for years indicated Southernmost extent of choroctenstic arctic species. Fig. 11. The extent of observed arctic penetration of Acartia longiremis for 1947, 1949, 1950 and 1951. The species occurred at 73%, 100%, 100% and 97% respectively for each year within the distributional areas outlined by light lines. The southernmost observed extent of the two characteristically arctic species, Calamus hyperboreus and Metridia longa, is shown by the heavy line. The former occurred at 96% of the stations above the line in 1950 and 82% in 1951 ; and the latter at 83% in 1950 and 82% in 1951. All stations south of the line were negative. Solid triangles, 1947 stations; open triangles, 1949 stations; open circles, 1950 stations; solid circles, 1951 stations. Water structure along line E-E' is shown in Fig. 12. Tully and LaFond, 1954) made concurrently with plankton collecting. More recent studies (Coachman and Barnes, 1961) do, indeed, indicate the presence in the Arctic Basin of a stratum of water between 50 and 130 m with tempera- tures as much as to °C warmer than the water immediately above or below it. It diminishes from the Chukchi Sea toward the Pole and toward Ellsmere Island. It is probable that certain hardy expatria
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