Iraq: A pharmacist mixing medicine, from an Arabic manuscript of Disocorides, c. 1225 CE. Pedanius Dioscorides (Greek: Πεδάνιος Διοσκουρίδης; c. 40-90 CE) was a Greek physician, pharmacologist and botanist, the author of a 5-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine and related medicinal substances (a pharmacopeia), that was widely read for well more than a thousand years. A native of Anazarbus, Cilicia, Asia Minor, Dioscorides practiced in Rome at the time of Nero. He was a surgeon with the army of the emperor, so he had the opportunity to travel extensively, seeking medicinal substances.

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