. Retardation in Cincinnati public elementary schools. hed if theyhad entered school at the age of either six or seven and had progressednormally. About three-fourths1 of the children enter, however, at the ageof six. Many of these fail once, dropping back among those who enteredat the age of seven. For this reason about 4,900 pupils referred to in thetable in the school report as of normal age, are actually one year The proportion of retarded children by grades is graphically shown byGraph I. The huge burden of backwardness which teachers and normalchildren have to carry appears f
. Retardation in Cincinnati public elementary schools. hed if theyhad entered school at the age of either six or seven and had progressednormally. About three-fourths1 of the children enter, however, at the ageof six. Many of these fail once, dropping back among those who enteredat the age of seven. For this reason about 4,900 pupils referred to in thetable in the school report as of normal age, are actually one year The proportion of retarded children by grades is graphically shown byGraph I. The huge burden of backwardness which teachers and normalchildren have to carry appears from the black bulk in the several grades. This estimate is subject to correction. It is based on the returns for the children who as to the method of making this estimate will be found on page 28. Retardation in Cincinnati Public Elementary Schools RETARDATION IN CINCINNATI PUBLIC SCHOOLSJUNE, i9i5> ~ 1000 Children 1 Year or More Behind Grade. KEY 1000 Children at Normal Grade. w. 4k 1000 Children 1 Year or More Aheadof Grade. 7000. JJJJJ JJJ/S ;///;////; SSJJS ///// 77777 77777 12 3 4 5° / o Grades GRAPH I Areas above white lines are those retarded on assumption used in the school report. Based on data in Annual Report, Cincinnati Public Schools, 86, 356, (191s) 8 Helen S. Trounstine Foundation METHOD OF PRESENT STUDY The startling conditions which these figures reveal in our schools (con-ditions which, deplorable as they are, are typical of those in nearly everylarge city in America) demand investigation. The Juvenile ProtectiveAssociation, under the leadership of Miss Helen Trounstine, determined tostudy the social facts connected with retardation in Cincinnati schools,with a view to ascertaining the causes and suggesting remedies for anintolerable condition. Ten schools1 were selected for the investigation, and 656 pupils2 whofailed in June 1915, were intensively studied. The schools selected had asomewhat smaller percentage of failures than the average
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