. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture; Agriculture. | BULLETIN No. 535 i St-W^St* Contribution from the Bureau of Entomology L. O. HOWARD, Chief. Washington, D. C. June 28, 1917 THE HORSE-RADISH FLEA-BEETLE: ITS LIFE HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION. By F. H. Chittenden, Entomologist in Charge of Truck Crop and Stored Product Insect Investigations, and Neale F. Howard, Specialist. CONTENTS. Page. Introductory 1 Descriptive 3 Distribution in North America 5 Origin and dissemination 6 Review of literature 7 Food plants 8 Seasonal history 8 Recent injury 12 Natural enemies 13 Asso
. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture; Agriculture. | BULLETIN No. 535 i St-W^St* Contribution from the Bureau of Entomology L. O. HOWARD, Chief. Washington, D. C. June 28, 1917 THE HORSE-RADISH FLEA-BEETLE: ITS LIFE HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION. By F. H. Chittenden, Entomologist in Charge of Truck Crop and Stored Product Insect Investigations, and Neale F. Howard, Specialist. CONTENTS. Page. Introductory 1 Descriptive 3 Distribution in North America 5 Origin and dissemination 6 Review of literature 7 Food plants 8 Seasonal history 8 Recent injury 12 Natural enemies 13 Associated insects 13 Methods of control 13 Summary 14 Bibliography 15 INTRODUCTORY. Nearly every year there is brought to this country some insect immigrant, and frequently, in the course of time, these immigrants prove to be pests. As a rule, they are introduced through the large seaports, particularly Boston, New York, New Orleans, and San Francisco, from which points they spread westward, northward, or southward, and less frequently eastward. Occasionally such an in- sect is carried by commerce beyond the coasts and makes its first appearance inland. This happened in the case of the insect to which the senior author has given the name of the horse-radish flea-beetle (fig. 1) and which is known zoologically as Phyllotreta armoraciae Note.—Horse-radish is widely cultivated in the United States and especially where the horse-radish flea-beetle is now most injurious. The farm value of horse-radish is not far from $400,000 per annum, considering its growth for home use. Two other insects than the horse-radish flea-beetle are especially attracted to it, the horse-radish webworm (Plutella armoracia Busck) and the horse-radish caterpillar (Evergestis straminalis Hiibn.). Neither of these is of any importance, but in the southern range of growth of horse-radish the harlequin cabbage bug is a most destructive pest, seeming to prefer this plant to other crucifers. The horse-radish flea-
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