. Gleanings in bee culture . h the slow but steady advance offall and winter by the changing colors andfalling of the foliage. Boulder, Col. 1911 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 107 EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Conditions in Which Bees are Immune or Sus-ceptible. BY F. B. CAVANAGH. Continued from last ixnue, poae ,:>. The most important consideration in es-tablishing either immunity or a cure is theItalian bee, although in my limited experi-ence Cyprians, Carniolans, and Caucasiansare all equally good resisters of the disease. The leather-colored Italians are not so goodas the three-banded yellow Italians
. Gleanings in bee culture . h the slow but steady advance offall and winter by the changing colors andfalling of the foliage. Boulder, Col. 1911 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 107 EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Conditions in Which Bees are Immune or Sus-ceptible. BY F. B. CAVANAGH. Continued from last ixnue, poae ,:>. The most important consideration in es-tablishing either immunity or a cure is theItalian bee, although in my limited experi-ence Cyprians, Carniolans, and Caucasiansare all equally good resisters of the disease. The leather-colored Italians are not so goodas the three-banded yellow Italians; andwith me, as a rule, the darker the hybrid thepoorer the resistance. Time and again haveI seen black or dark hybrid bees filthy withdisease, while right beside them were hivesof Italians showing scarcely a bad cell. Young queens are also important in es-tablishing immunity, as they keep the hivein a strong and vigorous condition; and forsome reason their brood will hatch healthy,when that from a poor or black queen would. COTTONWOOD BUDS, SHOWING BULBS OFPKOPOLIS. be diseased. Hence curing black bees ofEuropean foul brood is as futile as mendinga worn-out automobile tire, and the case isquite as liable to break out again. The time of the year and extent of thehoney-flow are of great importance, andmust have our utmost consideration whenapplying curative measures. In this local-ity the disease shows worst in May, themain breeding season in which bees aredrawing heavily on their stores. At this, ofall times, they are susceptible to the disease,and easily infected. This is the time also when the self-cur-ed colonies of the previous autumn willdevelop disease from the honey in the hives,if at all. Feeding in itself, at this period,will prevent much of the disease by supply-ing healthy food stores at a time when thecolony is at the lowest ebb of vitality, andthe time when the bees in the hive are most-ly old, and, consequently, are poor comb-cleaners. If we bridge over this crit
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Keywords: ., bo, bookcentury1800, bookdecade1870, booksubjectbees, bookyear1874
