. Bonn zoological bulletin. Zoology. Genetic variation in Podarcis muralis 193 analysis (Workman & Niswander 1970). The genetic vari- ability of populations was estimated using the following parameters: mean number of alleles per locus (A); percent- age of polymorphic loci, at the 99% level (P); observed mean heterozygosity (H0); expected mean heterozygosi- ty in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (He) (unbiased estimate; Nei 1978). The genetic relationships among the studied populations were evaluated using Nei's unbiased genetic distance (D, Nei 1978). All genetic variability and genet- ic dista
. Bonn zoological bulletin. Zoology. Genetic variation in Podarcis muralis 193 analysis (Workman & Niswander 1970). The genetic vari- ability of populations was estimated using the following parameters: mean number of alleles per locus (A); percent- age of polymorphic loci, at the 99% level (P); observed mean heterozygosity (H0); expected mean heterozygosi- ty in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (He) (unbiased estimate; Nei 1978). The genetic relationships among the studied populations were evaluated using Nei's unbiased genetic distance (D, Nei 1978). All genetic variability and genet- ic distance measures were calculated using the computer program BIOSYS-2 (Swofford & Selander 1999). An es- timation of phenetic relationships among populations was obtained by generating a phenogram of all samples by means of the unweighted pair-group method with arith- metic averaging (UPGMA) based on the matrix of Nei's unbiased genetic distances (Sneath & Sokal 1973). RESULTS Of the 24 electrophoretic loci analysed, ten (46%) were monomorphic and fixed for the same allele in all samples (Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Idh-2, Gapd, Sod-l Got-2, Mpi, Gpi, Pgm-1, Ada). Fourteen loci (54%) were found to be poly- morphic (ccGpd, Ldh-l, Ldh-2, Me-l, Me-2, Idh-l, 6Pgd, Got-l, Ck, Pgm-2, Ca, Gp-1, Gp-2, Gp-3). The Me-l and Pgm-2 loci only were highly polymorphic, while the oth- er 12 loci were weakly polymorphic. Four samples out of the 23 analysed were characterized by a unique allele (sen- su Slatkin 1987): St. Gaudens (6Pgd110), Ostia (Gp-P05), Gorgona Island (Me-2105), Elba Island (Got-l104). The re- sults of the contingency %2 analysis are given in Table 2. The analysis reveals that 9 out of 12 variable loci exhib- it statistically significant heterogeneity in the allele fre- quencies. This result shows that there are significant dif- ferences among the gene pools of the studied samples, in- dicating local genetic differentiation and a relatively high degree of substructuring among populations
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