. Map modeling in geography : including the use of sand, clay putty, paper pulp, plaster of Paris, and other materials : also chalk modeling in its adaptation to purposes of illustration. Fig. Horseback. 2. Upper Layer. 3. Slate. 4. Lower Layer. 5, Clay. coal. The miners wear lamps on their hats. How is thecoal taken out? The men dig it out with picks. (Fig. 78.) Father says that the coal in our coal-bank lies in two thicklayers. Level like a table. Horizontal layers. Let usdraw these layers of coal. Our coal rests on shale and is the layer of clay and shale. A thick layer of c
. Map modeling in geography : including the use of sand, clay putty, paper pulp, plaster of Paris, and other materials : also chalk modeling in its adaptation to purposes of illustration. Fig. Horseback. 2. Upper Layer. 3. Slate. 4. Lower Layer. 5, Clay. coal. The miners wear lamps on their hats. How is thecoal taken out? The men dig it out with picks. (Fig. 78.) Father says that the coal in our coal-bank lies in two thicklayers. Level like a table. Horizontal layers. Let usdraw these layers of coal. Our coal rests on shale and is the layer of clay and shale. A thick layer of a layer of black stone. We call that shale, but in some Uses of Coal. 175 mines the layer is of slate. Now comes another layer of coal,and then a layer of hard stone to make the roof of the mine. Father calls that the horseback. It is sandstone in manycases. George has been in the mines. Men put in timbers tosupport the roof-stone. The passages are sometimes calledgalleries, especially when one is above the others. (Fig. 79.) How useful the coal is! It gives us heat. To burn instoves and grates. To make the engines go. The locomo-. FiG. 80. WHAT WILTJF, BROUGHT NEXT DAY.(Technically the Neuro/teris, one of the most abundant fossil ferns.) tives, and engines in the mills. Can you name any other uses ? Coke is made from coal. They use coke in changing ironinto steel. The gas for lighting the streets of cities is madefrom coal. But we have gas-wells here. Natural gas. It came from the coal, too. Most people use coal-oil tolight their houses. Do you know another name for that? Petroleum. These all come from the coal, men say, and thereare many other coal-products. Coal-tar. Yes, and some verybeautiful dyes are made from petroleum. 176 Forms of Coal, Do you know what is made from the clay that is under thecoal? Mr. Hammond, my uncle, makes fire-brick from theclay. In Westmoreland county. At Bolivar. To linethe inside of stoves and furnaces. That protects the iron. Willie sa
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