. Railroad operating costs arranged to include the operations of 1911; a continuation of studies in operating costs of the leading American railroads . -nomical burden on operation. The rails must be so stiff as not to fail under thegreatest shocks, both vertical and side, experienced in practice, and must be sup-ported at sufficiently frequent intervals as not to bend, and upon sufficient area ofsleepers and ballast as to eliminate the tendency of crushing or settling. MAINTENANCE OF WAY AND STRUCTURES 25 Without at this time going into such details as kind of joints, rails, fastenings,charac
. Railroad operating costs arranged to include the operations of 1911; a continuation of studies in operating costs of the leading American railroads . -nomical burden on operation. The rails must be so stiff as not to fail under thegreatest shocks, both vertical and side, experienced in practice, and must be sup-ported at sufficiently frequent intervals as not to bend, and upon sufficient area ofsleepers and ballast as to eliminate the tendency of crushing or settling. MAINTENANCE OF WAY AND STRUCTURES 25 Without at this time going into such details as kind of joints, rails, fastenings,character of ballast, types of bridges, etc., that are desirable under modern operatingtendencies, it is evident from the foregoing that the engineering practice of a rail-way is of the greatest importance in its influence upon the whole economy of opera-tion and in the end upon financial return. Although the prime importance of the relation of engineering problems to profit-able railway location and operation is well recognized, the actual cost of maintenance RELATION OF TRAFFIC TO MAINTENANCEOF WAY COSTS ON REPRESENTATIVEEASTERN AND WESTERN ROADS-MO. & s\ IOC 3DO0 ZOOODOLLARS tCOO TON MILES DOLLARS COST OF MAINTENANCE OF WAY AMD STRUCTURESPER MILE OF ROAD. TRAFFIC DENSITY(REVENUE TON MILES RER MILE OF ROAD) MAINTENANCE OF WAY AND STRUCTURESRER fOOO REVENUE TON MILES. Fig. 8 26 RAILROAD OPERATING COSTS of way and structures does not vary with the traffic, or does not bear nearly so con-stant a ratio to traffic density as in the case with maintenance of equipment andtransportation expenses. The relation the expenditure for maintenance of way and structures for a givenperiod, bears to the geographical mileage and the volume of business, is illustratedin Fig. 8, showing this information graphically for ten representative railways. This diagram shows the variation in traffic conditions among the various rail-roads, particularly as between eastern and western roads. It also shows
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