. Deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystems - a scoping report on their socio-economy, management and governance. UNEP-WCMC Biodiversity Series 28. Deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystems IHandwerk, 20051. This figure could reach 10 per cent if classified military information is taken into account. Only per cent (1 Q~6) of the deep seafloor has been scientifically investigated. Although we know that species diversity in the deep sea is high, obtaining precise data and information is problematic: current estimates range between 500 000 and 100 million species (Koslow, 2007). As of today, the bul
. Deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystems - a scoping report on their socio-economy, management and governance. UNEP-WCMC Biodiversity Series 28. Deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystems IHandwerk, 20051. This figure could reach 10 per cent if classified military information is taken into account. Only per cent (1 Q~6) of the deep seafloor has been scientifically investigated. Although we know that species diversity in the deep sea is high, obtaining precise data and information is problematic: current estimates range between 500 000 and 100 million species (Koslow, 2007). As of today, the bulk of these species remains undescnbed, especially for smaller organisms and prokaryotes (Danovaro etai, 2007). Meanwhile, anthropogenic impacts on vulnerable ecosystems and habitats are rising. Direct impacts of human activities relate to existing or future exploitation of deep-sea resources Ifor example, fisheries, hydrocarbon extraction, mining, bioprospectmg), to seabed uses Ifor example, pipelines, cable laying, carbon sequestration) and to pollution Ifor example, contamination from land-based sources/activities, waste disposal, dumping, noise, impacts of shipping and maritime accidents). Indirect effects and impacts relate to climate change, ocean acidification and ozone depletion. The recent advances in research have also shown that deep-sea processes and ecosystems cannot be addressed in isolation. They are not only important for the marine web of life; they also fundamentally contribute to global biogeo- chemical patterns that support all life on Earth ICochonat et ai, 2007]. They also provide more direct goods and services that are of growing economic significance. Most of today's understanding of the deep oceans comes from the natural sciences, supplemented by data from industry (such as, open file seismic data from the hydrocarbon industry that provides information on the structure of the seabed in certain areas). But socio-economic research in support of the sustain
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