. The pruning-book; a monograph of the pruning and training of plants as applied to American conditions. 90. Ruined by alabel wire. 3-1 inchesA girdled pine. The lowerpart had four annual circlesof wood and the upper parteight circles. died. All these remarks have a direct bearing onthe question of ringing, which we shall discussin Chapters IV. and V. 118 THE HEALING OP WOUNDS The careful observer will often see the callusof wood wounds growing most rapidly from theupper side. In Fig. 88 the bark has grown downover the wound. In Fig. 75, the point of unionof the opposite sides of the callusrin


. The pruning-book; a monograph of the pruning and training of plants as applied to American conditions. 90. Ruined by alabel wire. 3-1 inchesA girdled pine. The lowerpart had four annual circlesof wood and the upper parteight circles. died. All these remarks have a direct bearing onthe question of ringing, which we shall discussin Chapters IV. and V. 118 THE HEALING OP WOUNDS The careful observer will often see the callusof wood wounds growing most rapidly from theupper side. In Fig. 88 the bark has grown downover the wound. In Fig. 75, the point of unionof the opposite sides of the callusring is at 1). This stub stood hori-zontal on the tree, and h was thelower side. The union of cion andstock sometimes acts as an obstruc-tion to the free downward movementof sap, causing a bulge on . old. 98. Suggestion to prevent gall-ing of a staked tree. 99. Bridge-graftingof a girdled trunk. top-grafted trees; but this phenomenon shouldnot be confounded with the normallj^ more rapidgrowth of some cions, due to the variety, as com-pared with that of the stock (see Fig. 133, Nur- TREATMENT OF GIRDLED TREES 119 sery-Book). The reader will also notice the depo-sition of tissue above the braces in Fig. 107. We now see the importance of preventing thegirdling of trees by label wires and by carelesst3ing to stakes; but we are also informed that agirdle is not necessarily fatal to a tree. If theyoung wood remains live and moist, the crudefood materials may pass up from the roots, andthe plant continues to live for some time, and inthe case of coniferous trees, often for severalyears. If the girdle is made early in the season,the tree may cover the girdle with bark the sameyear, and thus live on; but if the girdle is madelate in the season, the sap wood is likely to dryout and die, and the


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