A short history of England . oaches soon gave way to railroad trains for passenger travel,and just as fifty years before hauling of goods on horseback andby wagon had given place to transportation by canals, so nowthe railroads secured from these most of the freight traffic. During the years between 1837 and 1842 the electric telegraphwas being perfected and brought into general use. The Englishinventors whose names were most prominently connected with thetelegraph were Cooke and Wheatstone, but the alphabet inventedby the American, Morse, and his instruments were early intro-duced into Englan
A short history of England . oaches soon gave way to railroad trains for passenger travel,and just as fifty years before hauling of goods on horseback andby wagon had given place to transportation by canals, so nowthe railroads secured from these most of the freight traffic. During the years between 1837 and 1842 the electric telegraphwas being perfected and brought into general use. The Englishinventors whose names were most prominently connected with thetelegraph were Cooke and Wheatstone, but the alphabet inventedby the American, Morse, and his instruments were early intro-duced into England. Cheap postage, the railroad, and the tele-graph made traveling rapid and the sending of messages and newsquick and cheap. 576. Trade Unions. — England was becoming a vastly richercountry, manufactures and commerce were becoming more exten-sive, and the whole character of life more active and energeticthan it had been in the past. Nevertheless there was no lessdiscontent than before. This was especially true of the great. at THE PERIOD OF REFORM 635 body of the working classes. There were many evils and disad-vantages of their condition which they tried in various ways toovercome. Trade unions had been formed from an early periodin the nineteenth century, but they were illegal. In 1824, amongthe other emancipating statutes of the time, the laws forbiddingtheir existence were repealed. In 1825, however, parliament feltthat it had gone too far, withdrew the emancipating law of theprevious year and passed a much more moderate statute, whichonly legalized trade unions in a few of their aspects and undera-pecial circumstances. Nevertheless they continued to grow andtheir members took an active part in the agitations that led to theReform Bill of 1832. In 1833 the first great national trade unionwas formed, and an effort was made to introduce an eight-hourday. The strikes for this purpose were unsuccessful and Sheefforts to present great petitions to parliament and to hold mon-st
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