. Comparative physiology of vertebrate respiration. Vertebrates -- Respiration; Physiology, Comparative. 20 VERTEBRATE RESPIRATION Species to species: the following account is based mainly upon the cod.* The functional relationships of the skeleton and muscles are illustrated diagrammatically in fig. 6. As has been pointed out, the distinction between expiration and inspiration is not clear in fish because instead of tidal ventila- tion the water flows continuously across the respiratory epithe- lium. It is most convenient therefore to describe the functional system in terms of the muscles whi
. Comparative physiology of vertebrate respiration. Vertebrates -- Respiration; Physiology, Comparative. 20 VERTEBRATE RESPIRATION Species to species: the following account is based mainly upon the cod.* The functional relationships of the skeleton and muscles are illustrated diagrammatically in fig. 6. As has been pointed out, the distinction between expiration and inspiration is not clear in fish because instead of tidal ventila- tion the water flows continuously across the respiratory epithe- lium. It is most convenient therefore to describe the functional system in terms of the muscles which alter the volume of the buccal and opercular cavities. Expansion of the buccal cavity. Fig. 6. Diagram to show the position of the main muscles involved in respiration of an idealised teleost fish. The arrows point away from the insertion which normally moves. Dotted muscles lie beneath the skeleton. Muscles are numbered as follows: 1^~* adductor mandi- bulae (four parts); 3 levator arcus palatini; 5^-^ dilator operculi; 6, levator operculi; 7 adductor hyomandibulae; 7^, adductor arcus palatini; 8 adductor operculi; 9, hyohyoideus dorsalis; 10, hyohyoi- deus ventralis; 11, protractor hyoidei (geniohyoideus); 31-34, adductors of branchial arches. 37, sternohyoideus. Pmx, premaxilla; Mx, maxilla; LJ, lower jaw; Hmd, hyomandi- bular; Op, opercular; R, branchiostegal rays; CI, cleithrum; Mx-Md Lig, maxillo-mandibular ligament. (After Hughes and Shelton, 1962.) * For a detailed description of the skeleton and muscles, see Saunders and Manton, Practical Vertebrate Morphology, 3rd Edition. Oxford University Press, Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Hughes, G. M. (George Morgan). Cambridge, Mass. , Harvard University Press
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