. Methods used for controlling and reclaiming sand dunes . are most successfulon the coast and P. sylve-stris on the interior dunes;in Denmark mont<ma on the coast andPicea exceha (preceded by Pinus montcma) on the interior heide;Plnus sylvestris and P. montana on the Kurische Nehrung; and Phnismaritlma in Gascony. Deciduous trees, such as birches, alders, andoaks, are vised along the roads and serve as fire guards. The seedlings are raised in nurseries located at convenient pointsnear the area to be planted. These nurseries are often surrounded bywire netting to keep out rabbits and
. Methods used for controlling and reclaiming sand dunes . are most successfulon the coast and P. sylve-stris on the interior dunes;in Denmark mont<ma on the coast andPicea exceha (preceded by Pinus montcma) on the interior heide;Plnus sylvestris and P. montana on the Kurische Nehrung; and Phnismaritlma in Gascony. Deciduous trees, such as birches, alders, andoaks, are vised along the roads and serve as fire guards. The seedlings are raised in nurseries located at convenient pointsnear the area to be planted. These nurseries are often surrounded bywire netting to keep out rabbits and other harmful animals, and mayalso be protected from the wind by wind-breaks of reeds or cutbranches of pine. The 3oung trees are transplanted when one or two years old (fig. 9).The growth is bften quite slow at first and the young forest needsmuch attention. Some of the trees die and these must be on the whole these operations have been very successful, and nowthere are several areas of forest that are producing an income to Pig. 9.—Spade used in Prus-sia for transplautiag- youngtrees. 22 METHODS USED FOR CONTROLLING SAND DtJNES. FIXATION AS OBSERVED IN EUROPE. For the purpose of observing the details of the European processesof dune reclamation as actually practiced, the Netherlands, Denmark,German}^, and France were visited. Below are given the details of themethods used in the countries mentioned, which may be taken as fairlytypical of the work throughout Europe. THE NETHERLANDS. Through the kindness of the American minister at The Hague, , and Mr. Van Marez Oijens, the minister of the departmentof waterworks, a detailed examination of the dunes near Alkmaar andin the vicinity of Barneveld was made. COASTAL DUNES. A line of dunes extends all along the coast of the provinces of NorthHolland and South Holland. These are two of the richest provincesin the Kingdom, and it becomes of great importance to prevent theencroachment upon the agr
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