. The Canadian field-naturalist. 1987 Waldron, Aboud, Ambrose and Meyers: Shumard Oak in Canada 537. Figure 3. Ontario distribution of Quercus shumardii, based on collections made by the authors (deposited at CAN and OACA). Niagara region of Ontario (Figure 3, Table 2). Thus far it has not been found outside the counties of Essex, Kent, Lambton and Lincoln (Regional Municipality of Niagara). The Lincoln County trees are apparently disjunct from closest known population in southern Pennsylvania by 365 km, and from the trees in southwestern Ontario by 225 km. The range of Ontario Shumard Oak is
. The Canadian field-naturalist. 1987 Waldron, Aboud, Ambrose and Meyers: Shumard Oak in Canada 537. Figure 3. Ontario distribution of Quercus shumardii, based on collections made by the authors (deposited at CAN and OACA). Niagara region of Ontario (Figure 3, Table 2). Thus far it has not been found outside the counties of Essex, Kent, Lambton and Lincoln (Regional Municipality of Niagara). The Lincoln County trees are apparently disjunct from closest known population in southern Pennsylvania by 365 km, and from the trees in southwestern Ontario by 225 km. The range of Ontario Shumard Oak is entirely within the Deciduous Forest Region (Rowe 1972). It is usually a minor associate of, but occasionally codominant with. Black Maple {Acer saccharum subsp. nigrum). Silver Maple {A. saccharinum), Shagbark Hickory {Carya ovata), Bitternut Hickory (C cordiformis), Shellbark Hickory (C laciniosa). Red Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica). Sycamore {Platanus occidentalis). Eastern Cottonwood {Populus deltoides). Swamp White Oak {Quercus bicolor). Bur Oak {Q. macrocarpa). Pin Oak {Q. palustris). Red Oak {Q. rubra), Basswood {Tilia americand). White Elm {Ulmus americand) and Red Elm {U. rubra). In the Shumard Oak's restricted range within Ontario, it was observed on mesic-hydric sites with clays and clay loams of the Brookston, Perth, Toledo and Lincoln soil series. All four soils are characterized by poor internal drainage. These same soil types are found in the Michigan, Indiana and Ohio portions of the Shumard Oak range (Deam 1940; Vannorsdall 1958). Mesic and hydric sites are typical over most of its range (Lotti 1965). Soils in the Ontario portion of the range are rich in all nutrients except phosphorus (Richards et al. 1949). The land is nearly level and between 75 m and 200 m in elevation. Precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year with 762- 787 mm of rain and 89-114 cm of snow (Brown et al. 1980). Woodlots in the Canadian range of Shumard Oak are usually highly dis
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