. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture; Agriculture. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE mm BULLETIN No. 463 & <%lkS«S^il#» Contribution from the Office of Public Roads and Rural < 4\&*^^U Contribution from the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering, LOGAN WALLER PAGE, Director. .sv£p"^s»r<L. Washington, D. C. February 21, 1917 EARTH, SAND-CLAY, AND GRAVEL ROADS By Chaeles H. Moorefield, Senior Highway Engineer. CONTENTS. Page. Location and design 2 Earth roads 15 Sand-clay roads 34 Gravel roads 45 Road maintenance 58 Appendix: Typical spe
. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture; Agriculture. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE mm BULLETIN No. 463 & <%lkS«S^il#» Contribution from the Office of Public Roads and Rural < 4\&*^^U Contribution from the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering, LOGAN WALLER PAGE, Director. .sv£p"^s»r<L. Washington, D. C. February 21, 1917 EARTH, SAND-CLAY, AND GRAVEL ROADS By Chaeles H. Moorefield, Senior Highway Engineer. CONTENTS. Page. Location and design 2 Earth roads 15 Sand-clay roads 34 Gravel roads 45 Road maintenance 58 Appendix: Typical specifications 63 According to recent statistics gathered by the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering, the aggregate length of all public roads in the United States is, roughly, two and one-half millions of miles. Of this total mileage, earth roads comprise about 89^ per cent, or considerably more than 2,200,000 miles; sand-clay nearly 2 per cent, or 44,000 miles; and gravel about 4J per cent, or 116,000 miles, which leaves only about 4 per cent, or about 110,000 miles, for all other types combined. The statistics also show that in the 10 years from 1904 to 1914 the increase in the mileage of improved roads, other than earth, sand-clay, and gravel, has been only from 2 to 3 per cent of the total, and that in States having the greatest mileage of improved roads, only about one-half of their aggregate mileage has yet been improved. From these figures it is evident that the construction and maintenance of earth roads will continue to be of considerable impor- tance in connection with every comprehensive plan of public road improvement. Also, since sand-clay and gravel surfaces often con- stitute the first steps from earth roads toward the more highly im- proved surfaces, either one or both of these simple types may be expected to constitute in the future, as at present, no small part of the total improved mileage in practically every community. On account of this wide dis
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